On March 15, 1854, the Otoes and Missouri ceded almost all of their lands (mostly in Nebraska), retaining only a small tract on the Big Blue of about 32,000 acres.

Indian commissioner, George Manypenny, set up as trust lands for the Indians in Kansas. Under his treaties the Iowas had 94,450 acres of trust land, while the Delawares and Confederated Peoria (Kaskaskias, Weas, Peorias, and Piankashaws) had 557,955 and 207,758 acres respectively. This was a total of 860,163 acres, while these same tribes plus the Christian Indians, Miamis, Kickapoos, Shawnees, Otoe, and Missouris still held dimin-ished reserves of 1,058,173 acres after the last treaty was signed in 1855.

Transfer of Indian lands was accompanied by much trouble; litigation continued for decades. A Congressional enactment on March 3, 1881, provided for the removal of the Otoes and Missouris, but legal battles over their land continued until the end of the century.

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Arkansas City Traveler, October 26, 1881.

Last Friday witnessed the passage through our city of the Otoe Indians, en route to their new home in the Indian Territory, some fifty miles south of this place, on the Red Rock. The Indians embraced in this tribe, we believe, number over four hundred, and the large number of wagons, ponies and other paraphernalia necessary to an Indian hegira were, if possible, more numerous than usual, and conveyed an idea of the wealth and progress they had made towards the civilization of the white man.

In general appearances these Indians will compare favorably with any of the tribes which are in the habit of frequenting the city, and in the matter of civilization we are inclined to the belief they will prove themselves fully up to, if not ahead, of most of the Territory tribes. We are glad to see them located on a reservation which will afford means for becoming better acquainted with them, in the way of trading and etc.

The agent, E. L. Woodin, interpreter, Battisie DeRoin, blacksmiths, carpenters, etc., were with the party.

The bill authorizing the sale of their old reservation and their relocation in the Territory was passed at the session of congress last winter, and as they were nearly all agreed, active preparations were made for moving at once.

This Nebraska land will now be appraised and sold at the land office of that district. It is situated just north of Marshall County, and is in an excellent farming region. In fact, these Indians have raised sufficient wheat for a number of years to provide themselves with flour the year round.